According to growing scientific evidence, hunger and food insecurity are significant risk factors for poorer health and nutrition, diminished physical and psychological well-being, higher levels of behavioral problems, and lower academic achievement.
This bibliography highlights articles and other recent research providing direct evidence linking family food hardship to health, behavioral, and other outcomes. Resources are grouped into four broad areas:
Dietary Adequacy: Energy & Nutrient Intakes
Physical and Mental Health Consequences
Learning, Behavior, and Academic Outcomes
Hunger and Obesity
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Dietary Adequacy: Energy & Nutrient Intakes
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., Haider S. (2002). Food Insecurity or Poverty? Measuring Need-Related Dietary Adequacy. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty. |
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., Haider, S. (2004). Poverty, Food Insecurity, and Nutritional Outcomes in Children and Adults. Journal of Health Economics. 12(3). |
Bowman, S.A., (2004). Food Security, Dietary Choices, and Television-Viewing Status of Preschool-Aged Children Living in Single-Parent or Two-Parent Households. Family Economics and Nutrition Review. 15(2), 29-35. |
Casey, P.H., Szeto, K., Lensing, S., Bogle, M., Weber, J. (April 2001). Children in food-insufficient, low-income families: prevalence, health, and nutrition status. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 155(4), 508-514. |
Connell, C.L., Yadrick, K., Hinton, A.W., Su, L.J. (2000). Nutrient Intakes of Food Insufficient and Food Sufficient Adults in the Southern Region of the United States and the Impact of Federal Food Assistance Programs. Mississippi State, MS: Southern Rural Development Center. |
Cristofar, S.P., Basiotis P.P. (1992). Dietary intakes and selected characteristics of women ages 19-50 years and their children ages 1-5 years by reported perception of food sufficiency. Journal of Nutrition Education. 24(2), 53-58. |
Cutts, D.B., Pheley, A.M., Geppert, J.S. (May 1998). Hunger in Midwestern inner-city young children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 152(5), 489-493. |
Dixon, L.B., Winkleby, M.A., Radimer, K.L. (April 2001). Dietary intakes and serum nutrients differ between adults from food-insufficient and food-sufficient families: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Journal of Nutrition. 131(4), 1232-1246. |
Frongillo, E.A. Jr., Olson, C.M., Rauschenbach, B.S., Kendall, A. (1997). Nutritional Consequences of Food Insecurity in a Rural New York State County. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Discussion Paper No. 1120-97. |
Hamelin, A.M, Beaudry, M., Habicht, J.P. (2002). Characterization of household food insecurity in Quebec: food and feelings. Social Science & Medicine. 54(1), 119-132. |
Himmelgreen, D.A., Perez-Escamilla, R., Segura-Millan, S., Romero-Daza, N., Tanasescu, M., Singer, M. (1998). A comparison of the nutritional status and food security of drug-using and non-drug-using Hispanic women in Hartford, Connecticut. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 107(3), 351-361. |
Kaiser, L.L, Melgar-Quinonez, H., Townsend, M.S., Nicholson, Y., Lavender, M., Martin, A.C., Lamp, C.L. (2003). Food insecurity and food supplies in Latino households with young children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 35, 148-153. |
Kendall, A., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, E.A. Jr. (1996). Relationship of hunger and food insecurity to food availability and consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 96(10), 1019-1024. |
Klesges, L.M., Pahor, M., Shorr, R.I., Wan, J.Y., Williamson, J.D., Guralnick, J.M. (2001). Financial difficulty in acquiring food among elderly disabled women: results from the Women's Health and Aging Study. American Journal of Public Health. 91(1), 68-75. |
Knol, L.L., Haughton, B., Fitzhugh, E.C. (April 2004). Food Insufficiency Is Not Related to the Overall Variety of Foods Consumed by Young Children in Low-Income Families. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 104(4), 640-644. |
Lee, J.S., Frongillo, E.A. Jr. (May 2001). Nutritional and health consequences are associated with food insecurity among U.S. elderly persons. Journal of Nutrition. 131, 1503-1509. |
Lino, M., Basiotis, P.P., Gerrior, S.A., Carlson, A. (2002). The quality of young children's diets. Family Economics and Nutrition Review. 14, 52-60. |
McIntyre, L., Glanville, N.T., Raine, K.D., Dayle, J.B., Anderson, B., Battaglia, N. (March 2003) Do Low-Income Lone Mothers Compromise Their Nutrition to Feed Their Children? Canadian Medical Association Journal. 168(6), 686-91. |
Matheson, D., Varady, J., Varady, A., Killen, J.D. (July 2002). Household food security and nutritional status of 5th grade Hispanic children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(1), 210-217. |
Myers, A., et al. (June 2005). Subsidized housing and children's nutritional status. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 159(6), 551-556. |
Rose, D. (February 1999). Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. Journal of Nutrition. 120(2), 517S-520S. |
Rose, D., Oliveira, V. (December 1997). Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households in the United States. American Journal of Public Health. 87(12), 1956-1961. |
Sahyoun, N., Basiotis, P.P. (2000). Food insufficiency and the nutritional status of the elderly population. Nutrition Insights. 18. |
Sharpe, D.L., Huston, S.J., Finke, M.S. (2003). Factors Affecting Nutritional Adequacy Among Single Elderly Women. Family Economics and Nutrition Review. 15(1), 74-82. |
Skalicky, A.M., Frank, D.A., Meyers, A.F., Adams, W.G., Cook, J.T. (2001, April). Is food security associated with iron deficiency? Paper presented in poster symposium on nutritional issues in underserved populations (abstract #2668). Pediatric Academic Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. |
Starkey, L.J., Grey-Donald, K., Kuhnlein, H.V. (April 1999). Nutrient intake of food bank users is related to frequency of food bank use, household size, smoking, education and country of birth. Journal of Nutrition. 129(4), 883-889. |
Tarasuk, V.S. (October 2001). Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health, and household circumstances. Journal of Nutrition. 131(10), 2670-2676. |
Tarasuk, V.S., Beaton, G.H. (March 1999). Womens dietary intakes in the context of household food insecurity. Journal of Nutrition. 129(3), 672-679. |
Physical and Mental Health Consequences
Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, E.A., Jr. (April 2002). Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Nutrition. 132(4), 719-725. |
Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, E.A. Jr. (2001). Food insufficiency and children's health status in the United States: Findings from NHANES III. In M. Andrews & M. Prell (Eds.), Second Food Security Measurement and Research Conference, Volume II: Papers (pp. 110-121). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food and Nutrition Research Report, 11-2. |
Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, E.A. Jr., Briefel, R.A. (May 2001). Food insufficiency, family income, and health in U.S. preschool and school-aged children. American Journal of Public Health. 91(5), 781-786. |
Biros, M.H., Hoffman, P.L., Resch, K. (April 2005). The prevalence and perceived health consequences of hunger in emergency department patient populations. Academic Emergency Medicine. 12(4, 310-317. |
Brown, J.L., Sherman, L.P. (1995). Hunger as a Public Health Issue. In M.D. Simko, C. Cowell, J.A. Gilbride (Eds.), Nutrition Assessment: A Comprehensive Guide for Planning Intervention (pp. 41-53). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. |
Casey, P, et al. (February 2004). Maternal depression, changing public assistance, food security, and child health status. Pediatrics. 113(2), 298-304. |
Casey, P.H., Szeto, K.L., Robbins, J.M., Stuff, J.E., Connell, C., Gossett, J.M., Simpson, P.M. (January 2005). Child health-related quality of life and household food security. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 159(1), 51-56 |
Connell, C.L., Lofton, K.L., Yadrick, K., Rehner, T.A. (July 2005). Children's experiences of food insecurity can assist in understanding its effect on their well-being. Journal of Nutrition. 137(7), 1683-1690. |
Connell, C.L., Yadrick, K., Johnson, J.T., Su, L.J. (2000). Structural Analysis of the Relationship of Food Insufficiency to Disease Risk and Outcomes Among Adults from NHANES III. Mississippi State, MS: Southern Rural Development Center. |
Cook, J.T., Black, M.M., Casey, P.H., Frank, D.A., Berkowitz, C., Cutts, D.B., et al. (April 2001). Food insecurity and health risks among young children and their caregivers. Paper presented in poster symposium on nutritional issues in underserved populations (abstract #2665). Pediatric Academic Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. |
Cook, J.T., Frank, D.A., Berkowitz, C., Black, M.M., Casey, P.H., Cutts, D.B., Meyers, A.F., Zaldivar, N., Skalicky, A., Levenson, S., Heeren, T., Nord, M. (May 2004). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Adverse Outcomes among Human Infants and Toddlers. Journal of Nutrition. 134(6), 1432-1438. |
Corcoran, M.E., Heflin, C.M., Siefert, K. (1999). Food insufficiency and material hardship in post-TANF welfare families. Ohio State Law Journal. 60(4), 1395-1422. |
Frank, D.A., Roos, N., Meyers, A., Napoleone, M., Peterson, K., Cather, A., Cupples, L.A. (1996). Seasonal variation in weight-for-age in a pediatric emergency room. Public Health Reports. 3(4), 366-371. |
Greer, B., Poling, R. (2001). Impact of Participating in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on Food Insecurity. Mississippi State, MS: Southern Rural Development Center. |
Hamelin, A.M., Habicht, J.P., Beaudry, M. (February 1999). Food insecurity: Consequences for the household and broader social implications. Journal of Nutrition. 129(2), 525S-528S. |
Heflin, C.M., Siefert, K., Williams, D.R. (2005). Food insufficiency and women's mental health: Findings from a 3-year panel of welfare recipients. Social Science & Medicine. |
Holben, D. H. (March 2004). Food Insecurity in the United States: Its effect on our patients. American Family Physician. 1053. |
Kersey, M.A., Beran, M.S., McGovern, P.G., Biros, M.H., Lurie, N. (November 1999). Prevalence and effects of hunger in an emergency department patient population. Academic Emergency Medicine. 6(11), 1109-1114. |
Kessler, D.B., Dawson, P. (1999). Failure to Thrive and Pediatric Undernutrition: A Transdisciplinary Approach. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. (See Section III: Medical Aspects of Poor Growth) |
Kim, M., Ohls, J., Cohen, R. (2001). Hunger in America 2001: National report prepared for America's Second Harvest. MPR Reference No.: 8742-430. Princeton, NJ: Mathematic Policy Research, Inc. |
Klesges, L.M., Pahor, M., Shorr, R.I., Wan, J.Y., Williamson, J.D., Guralnick, J.M. (January 2001). Financial difficulty in acquiring food among elderly disabled women: results from the Women's Health and Aging Study. American Journal of Public Health. 91(1), 68-75. |
Lee, J.S., Frongillo, E.A. Jr. (May 2001). Nutritional and health consequences are associated with food insecurity among U.S. elderly persons. Journal of Nutrition. 131(5), 1503-1509. |
Nelson, K., Brown, M.E., Lurie, N. (April 1998). Hunger in an adult patient population. Journal of the American Medical Association. 279(15), 1211-1214. |
Nelson, K., Cunningham, W., Andersen, R., Harrison, G., Gelberg, L. (June 2001). Is food insufficiency associated with health status and health care utilization among adults with diabetes? Journal of General Internal Medicine. 16(6), 404-411. |
Olson, C.M. (February 1999). Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. Journal of Nutrition. 129(2), 521S-524S. |
Pheley, A.M., Holben, D.H., Graham, A.S., Simpson, C. (Summer 2002). Food security and perceptions of health status: a preliminary study in rural appalachia. The Journal of Rural Health. 18(3), 447-454. |
Reid, L.L. (2000). The Consequences of Food Insecurity for Child Well-Being: An Analysis of Children's School Achievement, Psychological Well-Being, and Health. JCPR Working Paper #137. Chicago, IL: Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago. |
Siefert, K., Heflin, C.M., Corcoran, M.E., Williams, D.R. (2001). Food insufficiency and the physical and mental health of low-income women. Women & Health. 32(1-2), 159-77. |
Wehler, C.A., Scott, R.I., Anderson, J.J. (1995). Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project. Washington, D.C.: Food Research and Action Center. |
Vozoris, N.T., Tarasuk, V.S. (January 2003). Household Food Insufficiency is Associated with Poorer Health. Journal of Nutrition. 133(1), 120-126. |
Weinreb, L., Wehler, C., Perloff, J., Scott, R., Hosmer, D., Sagor, L., Gundersen, C. (October 2002). Hunger: Its impact on children's health and mental development. Pediatrics. 110(4), e41. |
Wilson, D. Hunger and Food Insecurity Among American Children: Consequences and Prevention. Children's Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Program (C-SNAP). Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA. March 2005. |
Wilson, D. Hunger and Food Insecurity Linked to Poor Health in Young Children. Children's Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Program (C-SNAP). Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA. March 2005. |
Learning, Behavior, and Academic Outcomes
Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, E.A., Jr. (July 2001). Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics. 108(1), 44-53. |
Brown, J.L., Pollitt, E. (1996). Malnutrition, poverty, and intellectual development. Scientific American. 274, 38-43. |
Center on Hunger and Poverty. (1998). Statement on the Link Between Nutrition and Cognitive Development in Children. Waltham, MA: Center on Hunger and Poverty. 1998. |
Kleinman, R.E., Murphy, J.M., Little, M., Pagano, M., Wehler, C.A., Regal, K., Jellinek, M.S. (January 1998). Hunger in children in the United States: Potential behavioral and emotional correlates. Pediatrics. 101(1), E3. |
Kleinman, R.E., Hall, S., Green, H., Korzec-Ramirez, D., Patton, K., Pagano, M.E., Murphy, J.M. (2002). Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 46(suppl 1), 24-30. |
Levitsky, D.A., Strupp, B. (1995). Malnutrition and the brain: Changing concepts, changing concerns. Journal of Nutrition. 125, 2212S-2220S. |
Liu, J., Raine, A., Venables, P.H., Sarnoff, A.M. (November 2004). Malnutrition at age 3 years and externalizing behavior problems at ages 8, 11, and 17 years. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161(11): 2005-2013. |
Miller, J.E., Korenman, S. (August 1994). Poverty and children's nutritional status in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology. 140(3), 233-243. |
Meyers, A., Chawla, N. (2000). Nutrition and the social, emotional, and cognitive development of infants and young children. Zero to Three. 21(1), 5-11. |
Meyers, A.F., Sampson, A.E., Weitzman, M., Rogers, M.L., Kayne, H. (1989). School Breakfast Program and school performance. American Journal of Diseases and Children. 143(10), 1234-1239. |
Murphy, J.M., Wehler, C.A., Pagano, M.E., Little, M., Kleinman, R.E., Jellinek, M.S. (1998). Relationship between hunger and psychosocial functioning in low-income American children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 37(2), 163-170. |
Murphy, J.M., Pagano, M.E., Nachmani, J., Sperling, P., Kane, S., Kleinman, R.E. (September 1998). The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 152(9), 899-907. |
Project Bread. (2000). Study shows link between school breakfast and academic achievement. Boston, MA: Project Bread. |
Pollitt, E., Golub, M., Gorman, K., Grantham-McGregor, S., Levitsky, D., Schurch, B., Strupp, B., Wachs, T. (1996). A reconceptualization of the effects of undernutrition on children's biological, psychosocial, and behavioral development. Social Policy Report. 10(5), 1-21. |
Reid, L.L. (2000). The Consequences of Food Insecurity for Child Well-Being: An Analysis of Children's School Achievement, Psychological Well-Being, and Health. JCPR Working Paper #137. Chicago, IL: Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/ University of Chicago. |
Stormer, A., Harrison, G. (2003). Does Household Food Security Affect Cognitive and Social Development of Kindergartners? IRP Discussion Paper #1276-03. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison. |
Taras, H. Nutrition and Student Performance at School. (August 2005). Journal of School Health. 75(6): 199-213. |
Winicki, J., Jemison, K. (2001). Food Insecurity and Hunger in the Kindergarten Classroom: Its Effect on Learning and Growth. (Mimeograph). Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. |
Hunger and Obesity
Adams, E.J., Grummer-Strawn, L., Chavez, G. (April 2003). Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. Journal of Nutrition. 133(4), 1070-1074. |
Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., Frongillo, Jr., E.A. (October 2001). Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in children: is there a paradox? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 155(10), 1161-1167. |
Basiotis, P.P., Lino, M. (2002). Food insufficiency and prevalence of overweight among adult women. Nutrition Insights. |
Casey, P.H., Szeto, K., Lensing, S., Bogle, M., Weber, J. (April 2001). Children in food-insufficient, low-income families: prevalence, health, and nutrition status. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 155(4), 508-514. |
Cutts, D.B., Pheley, A.M., Geppert, J.S. (May 1998). Hunger in Midwestern inner-city young children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 152(5), 489-493. |
Dietz, W.H. (1995). Does hunger cause obesity? Pediatrics. 95(5), 766-7. |
Drewnowski, A., Specter, S.E. (January 2004). Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79(1), 6-16. |
Jimenez-Cruz, A., Bacardi-Gascon, M., Spindler, A.A. (June 2003). Obesity and hunger among Mexican-Indian migrant children on the US-Mexico border. International Journal of Obesity. 27(6), 740-747. |
Jones, S.J., Jahns, L., Laraia, B.A., Haughton, B. (August 2003). Lower Risk of Overweight in School-aged Food Insecure Girls Who Participate in Food Assistance. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 157(8), 780-784. |
Kaiser, L.L., Townsend, M.S., Melgar-Quinonez, H.R., Fujii, M.L., Crawford, P.B. (November 2004). Choice of Instrument Influences Relations Between Food Insecurity and Obesity in Latino Women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80(5), 1372-1378. |
Laraia, B.A., Siega-Riz, A.M., Evenson, K.R. (February 2004). Self-reported overweight and obesity are not associated with concern about enough food among adults in New York and Louisiana. Preventive Medicine. 38(2), 175-181. |
The Link between Hunger and Obesity. (Fall 2004). Project Bread: Boston, MA. |
Olson, C.M. (February 1999). Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. Journal of Nutrition. 129(2), 521S-524S. |
Parker, L. (October 2005). Obesity, Food Insecurity and the Federal Child Nutrition Programs: Understanding the Linkages. Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). |
Parker, L. (November 2005). Proceedings of the Round Table on Understanding the Paradox of Hunger and Obesity. Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). |
Scheier, L.M. (June 2005). What is the hunger-obesity paradox? Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 105(6), 883-886. |
Self-Reported Concern About Food Security Associated with Obesity - Washington, 1995-1999 (September 2003). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 52(35), 840-842. |
Tanasescu, M., Ferris, A.M., Himmelgreen, D.A., Rodriguez, N., Perez-Escamilla, R. (July 2000). Biobehavioral factors are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican children. Journal of Nutrition. 130(7), 1734-1742. |
Townsend, M.S., Peerson, J., Love, B., Achterberg, C., Murphy, S.P. (June 2001). Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. Journal of Nutrition. 131(6), 1738-1745. |
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